To research an old crime, work backward from what you already know. Start with the full name of someone involved, the city or county where it happened, and the approximate year. Those three pieces of information tell you which agency created the record and which archive, courthouse, or records office holds it now. Criminal records in the United States are decentralized: police files stay with the department that investigated, court files stay with the court that heard the case, and prison records follow the facility or the state archive that inherited them. Learning how to research old crimes is mostly a matter of figuring out where each type of record went and how to ask for it.
Get the Name, Place, and Date Right First
Every archive and records office indexes by name, location, and date. Without all three, you’ll hit a wall on the first phone call.
The full name of the accused, victim, or a witness is the primary index for nearly every system. A partial name forces you to lean on other identifiers like a date of birth or a former address to narrow the results.
Location matters as much as the name. A state bureau of investigation usually can’t pull records from a local police department or a county court. You need the specific agency that made the record, so know the city and county where the crime occurred.
The approximate year decides which archive to search and whether the records still exist. A 1920s murder file might live in a state archives building. A 1980s burglary report might still sit at the local police department. A case from three years ago is almost certainly still with the court that handled it.
Start With Historical Newspapers
Old newspaper coverage is usually the most productive first step. Reporters documented names, dates, locations, charges, and court proceedings as they unfolded, and a good account will hand you the exact case name, the court where the trial took place, and the names of the judge and attorneys. That information makes every later request dramatically easier.
The Library of Congress runs Chronicling America, a free digitized archive of newspaper pages published through 1963 from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.1Library of Congress. About the Collection – Chronicling America: A Guide for Researchers You can search the full text by keyword, date range, and state. For crimes after 1963, many public libraries offer free access to digitized newspaper databases covering the 20th century through the present. Local historical societies and regional libraries also keep clipping files, scrapbooks, and indexed collections that never made it online. These are worth a call, especially for small-town crimes that only appeared in a weekly paper.
Court Records
Court files hold the most detailed official account of what happened: indictments, trial transcripts, witness lists, docket entries, judgments, and sentencing details. Where those files live depends on how old the case is and whether it was a state or federal prosecution.
State and County Court Records
State-level criminal case records are typically held by the county clerk or the clerk of the court where the trial occurred. For 20th-century cases, contact the courthouse and ask to search their case indexes by defendant name or case number. Some counties have digitized older dockets and made them searchable online. Many have not. Expect that older records may require an in-person visit or a written request, and that the clerk may charge a small search or copying fee.
For cases old enough to have historical significance, files may have been transferred from the courthouse to the state archives. This is common for 19th-century cases and sometimes for early 20th-century material. If the courthouse says the records have been transferred, your next call is to the state archives or state historical society.
Federal Court Records
Federal criminal cases in U.S. District Courts follow a different path. Relatively recent federal cases are searchable through PACER, the Public Access to Court Electronic Records system, which provides electronic access to more than one billion documents filed across all federal courts. PACER charges ten cents per page, capped at $3.00 per document. If you accumulate $30 or less in charges during a quarter, the fees are waived entirely.2United States Courts. Public Access to Court Electronic Records
Older federal cases are a different story. Federal court records more than roughly 15 years old are typically no longer held by the courts themselves. When those records are eligible for permanent preservation, they get transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration.3United States Courts. Find a Case (PACER) – Older Historical Court Records NARA’s court holdings stretch back more than 200 years, with the earliest dating to approximately 1790, and they’re spread across regional facilities based on where the originating court sat. District court records from Georgia sit at the National Archives facility in Atlanta; those from Texas are in Fort Worth.4National Archives. National Archives Court Records Accessing these records often means contacting the specific regional facility, and some requests involve an in-person visit or a wait for documents to be pulled from offsite storage.
Police and Investigative Records
Incident reports, arrest records, and investigative files were created by the agency with jurisdiction over the crime. For a local crime, that’s the city police department or the county sheriff’s office. For a federal investigation, it’s whichever federal agency handled it.
Local Police Records
To request an old police report, contact the department’s records unit with the date, location, and names of the people involved. Most departments require a written request, and a small fee for searching and copying is common. The biggest obstacle with older records is that they may no longer exist. Law enforcement agencies follow retention schedules that dictate how long different types of records are kept. Felony investigation files tend to be retained for decades or permanently, but reports for less serious offenses are routinely destroyed after a set period. If a department tells you the records have been purged, there’s usually no appeal and no backup copy.
Federal Agency Records Through FOIA
The federal Freedom of Information Act requires federal executive-branch agencies to provide their records to anyone who submits a written request that reasonably describes what they’re looking for.5FOIA.gov. Freedom of Information Act – Frequently Asked Questions FOIA covers agencies like the FBI, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the U.S. Marshals Service. It does not cover courts or Congress.6FOIA.gov. About the Freedom of Information Act State and local agencies are governed by their own state-level open-records laws.
Before filing a FOIA request, check whether the agency has already released the records you want. The FBI, for instance, keeps an online reading room of previously released files on historical subjects. If the records haven’t been made public, submit a written request to the agency’s FOIA office. Describe the records as specifically as you can: the subject’s full name, aliases, date and place of birth, approximate dates of the events, and any case numbers you’ve turned up. For records about a deceased person, you’ll need to provide proof of death, such as an obituary, a death certificate, or documentation that the person’s date of birth is 100 years or more in the past.7Federal Bureau of Investigation. Requesting FBI Records Agencies process requests in the order received, and response times vary widely.5FOIA.gov. Freedom of Information Act – Frequently Asked Questions
Prison and Penitentiary Records
If the person was convicted and incarcerated, prison records can fill gaps that court files leave open. Admission ledgers, discharge records, and inmate case files typically include physical descriptions, photographs, the offense, the sentence, and biographical details like birthplace and occupation.
Federal Prison Records
Historical records of the Federal Bureau of Prisons are held at the National Archives as Record Group 129. The collection includes an index to released inmates covering 1911 through 1974, case files of notable offenders from 1919 through 1975, and records from specific facilities including the U.S. Penitentiaries at Alcatraz, Atlanta, Leavenworth, and McNeil Island.8National Archives. Records of the Bureau of Prisons These records are searchable through the National Archives Online Catalog.
State Prison Records
State prison records are typically held either by the corrections department or by the state archives, depending on age. Many state archives have inherited 19th- and early 20th-century admission registers, discharge books, and physical description ledgers. Few comprehensive name indexes exist for these older collections, so you often need to know which specific facility housed the inmate. If you don’t know the facility, historical census records can help. An incarcerated person is often listed as a “prisoner” with the institution named at the top of the census page.
Coroner Files and Death Records
When a crime involved a death, two record types become relevant: the coroner or medical examiner’s file and the death certificate itself.
Coroner and Medical Examiner Files
Coroner’s inquest records and autopsy reports can contain detailed accounts of how a person died, including witness testimony taken at the inquest. Access varies by jurisdiction. Some states treat autopsy reports as public records on request. Others classify them as confidential while a criminal investigation is pending but release them afterward. A few keep them restricted indefinitely unless you can show a specific legal interest. For historical inquests, records may have moved from the coroner’s office to a county archive or state historical repository. Newspapers often reported on inquests in detail, so media coverage can serve as a backup when the official file is unavailable.
Death Certificates
Death certificates list the cause and manner of death and can confirm whether a death was ruled a homicide. Confidentiality periods on death certificates range from 25 to 50 years after the date of death depending on the state. After that period, the records generally open to the public. During the restricted period, access is usually limited to immediate family, legal representatives, or researchers who sign confidentiality agreements. Contact the state vital records office where the death occurred to check what’s available.
Online Genealogy Databases
Commercial genealogy platforms have digitized millions of historical records that overlap with criminal justice research. Ancestry.com’s court and criminal records collection includes federal penitentiary prisoner indexes, photographs and records from individual facilities, and various government commission records.9Ancestry.com. Court, Governmental and Criminal Records FamilySearch, which is free, hosts digitized court records and other government documents that may include criminal case material. Neither platform has anything close to a complete set of criminal records, but they can surface documents you’d otherwise need to travel to an archive to find.
Census records on these platforms are especially useful. Federal census schedules occasionally identify people as inmates of a specific institution, which points you toward the right prison collection. City directories can establish where a person lived at a given time.
What You Probably Can’t Get
Not everything is available, even for old crimes. Knowing where the walls are saves weeks chasing records you’ll never see.
Sealed Records
Courts seal records to protect the privacy of victims, witnesses, informants, and sometimes defendants. Age alone doesn’t unseal a file. You can petition the court to unseal sealed records, but the burden is on you to show that the public interest in disclosure outweighs the privacy interests at stake. Courts consider whether the people involved are still living, the nature of the information, and the purpose of your request. This is a legal proceeding that may require filing a formal motion, and a judge decides.
Juvenile Records
Records involving juvenile offenders are treated as confidential in virtually every jurisdiction. The general rule is that juvenile records are closed to both public access and interagency sharing unless a specific statutory exception applies. Even for historical cases, they’re rarely accessible to outside researchers. If the juvenile later faced charges as an adult, those adult records follow the normal rules.
Non-Conviction Records
Arrests that didn’t result in a conviction, charges that were dropped, and cases that ended in acquittal are frequently shielded from public disclosure. Many states restrict access to these records or allow the subject to have them expunged. If the person was arrested but never convicted, the arrest record may have been sealed or destroyed.
Destroyed Records
Every government agency follows a retention schedule that dictates how long different categories of records must be kept. Serious felony case files are often classified as permanent and preserved indefinitely. Less severe offenses, supporting documents like search warrants and pre-sentencing reports, and routine administrative paperwork may be authorized for destruction after periods as short as a few years. When records are destroyed under an authorized schedule, there’s no way to recover them. This is the most common dead end for misdemeanors and minor offenses from the mid-20th century and earlier.
Habits That Save Time
Work from the outside in. Build a factual foundation from newspaper accounts first, then use the names, dates, and case numbers you’ve gathered to make targeted requests. A vague request (“do you have anything on a murder in your county in the 1930s?”) will get a form letter. A specific one (“I’m looking for the case file for State v. John Smith, indicted in your county in October 1934, case number 2847”) gets results.
Call before you visit. Archivists and court clerks can tell you in five minutes whether the records are in their building, have been transferred to the state archives, or were destroyed decades ago. Many archives require advance appointments for access to original documents.
Budget for modest costs. Courthouse clerks, police departments, and archives charge search and copying fees. These are generally small (a few dollars for a police report copy, ten cents a page for PACER documents, similar amounts at county clerks’ offices), but they add up if you’re pulling records from multiple agencies. Federal FOIA requests are free to submit, though agencies may charge duplication fees for large responses.
Be patient with FOIA. Federal agencies are required to respond, but complex or voluminous requests can take months. If your request involves records about a living person who hasn’t consented, expect significant redactions or a denial based on privacy exemptions.