In a voyage charter, laytime is the time the charterer is allowed to load or discharge cargo at port without extra payment. Run past it and the charterer owes the shipowner demurrage, a daily rate fixed in the contract. Finish early and the shipowner usually pays the charterer despatch, typically at half the demurrage rate. Together, laytime, demurrage, and despatch allocate the financial risk of port delay between the two sides of the voyage.
The sums involved are not trivial. A mid-size bulk carrier can carry a demurrage rate anywhere from below $10,000 per day in a weak freight market to well above $20,000 when rates are strong, and very large tankers command significantly more. Every hour the clock runs matters, which is why the mechanics of how it starts, stops, and is measured deserve close attention.
How Laytime Is Measured
Charter parties define laytime using standardized terms, each distributing time risk differently. The BIMCO Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013 is the most widely adopted set and governs most modern voyage charters.
Running days, also called consecutive days, means every calendar day counts: weekends, holidays, and nights, without interruption. 1BIMCO. Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013 This gives the charterer the least flexibility and is most commonly seen in tanker charters where port operations run around the clock.
Working days count only those days when work is normally carried out under local law or practice. 1BIMCO. Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013 A port where Saturday is a regular operating day treats it differently than one where it isn’t, which makes local port custom unexpectedly important.
Weather working days refine the concept further. A weather working day is a working day, or part of one, during which cargo operations could proceed without weather interference. If bad weather shuts down work for four hours of an eight-hour day, the calculation excludes time proportional to the interruption. 1BIMCO. Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013 Critically, if the vessel is still waiting for a berth, weather that would have prevented work counts as an interruption even though nobody was actually handling cargo. That point catches inexperienced charterers off guard.
Two abbreviations appear in nearly every voyage charter. SHINC (Sundays and Holidays Included) means those days count toward laytime. SHEX (Sundays and Holidays Excluded) removes them from the calculation. The choice shifts significant cost exposure: at a port with frequent religious or national holidays, SHEX can add days of free time for the charterer that the shipowner absorbs. These terms are often combined with the day types above. “Weather working days, Sundays and holidays excluded” is a common formulation in dry bulk charters.
When the Laytime Clock Starts
Three conditions must be met before laytime begins to run: the vessel must qualify as an “arrived ship,” it must be ready, and the master must deliver a valid Notice of Readiness. Fail any one of these and the clock stays stopped, with the lost time falling on the shipowner.
The Arrived Ship
The vessel must reach the contractual destination. What qualifies as “arrival” depends on whether the charter names a specific berth or just a port, a distinction that has generated more arbitration disputes than almost any other laytime issue.
In a berth charter, the vessel must reach the named berth. If the berth is occupied, laytime does not start while the ship waits, sometimes for weeks, and the shipowner bears the entire cost of that delay. To guard against this, most modern charters include a WIBON clause (Whether In Berth Or Not), which allows the master to tender notice from the port’s usual waiting area if the designated berth is unavailable. 1BIMCO. Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013
In a port charter, the vessel needs only to arrive within port limits, which can include anchorages and offshore waiting areas. A WIPON clause (Whether In Port Or Not) goes further, allowing notice from a recognized waiting place outside port limits when both the berth and the usual waiting area are unavailable. 1BIMCO. Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013 Under a port charter with WIPON, laytime starts materially earlier than under a berth charter without WIBON.
Physical and Legal Readiness
An arrived ship must also be ready to work. Physical readiness means the vessel can begin cargo operations without delay: holds cleaned, hatches operational, cargo gear tested for the specific commodity. Legal readiness means all port formalities are complete, including customs clearance, immigration approval, and health clearance (known as free pratique). 2West of England P&I Club. Defence Guide – Notice of Readiness If any paper is missing or any hold isn’t up to standard, the notice will be invalid and the clock won’t start.
Free pratique at many ports is a formality, granted quickly on health declarations. It becomes a real barrier during disease outbreaks or at ports with strict quarantine procedures. Common law holds that the absence of pratique won’t invalidate a notice if the medical condition of the crew is such that pratique can be obtained without subsequent delay, but charter parties can override this by requiring pratique to be in hand before tendering.
The Notice of Readiness
The master or ship’s agent delivers this document to the charterer or their representative, confirming the vessel has arrived and is ready to work. Under English law, there is no prescribed format; a statement confirming readiness is sufficient as long as it is accurate. 2West of England P&I Club. Defence Guide – Notice of Readiness Charter parties routinely impose additional requirements, including specific forms, office-hour windows for tendering, and waiting periods before laytime begins counting.
A notice tendered outside the charter’s contractual office hours is not automatically invalid. It is typically treated as given when the next valid window opens. 2West of England P&I Club. Defence Guide – Notice of Readiness A vessel arriving at 21:00 on a Friday at a port where the charter requires notice during business hours may not see laytime begin until Monday morning. That is two days of dead time the shipowner cannot recover.
When the Clock Pauses
Once laytime is running, certain events stop it. Maritime practice draws an important distinction between interruptions and exceptions, and confusing the two is one of the fastest ways to lose a demurrage dispute.
An interruption covers time that falls outside the definition of laytime itself. If the charter specifies weather working days, a storm day doesn’t count, not because of a special exclusion clause but because a storm day doesn’t meet the definition. The charterer only needs to show that the excluded condition existed at the relevant place. 3West of England P&I Club. Defence Guide – Interruptions and Exceptions to Laytime
An exception removes time that would otherwise count under the laytime definition. If the charter specifies running days but adds a clause excepting strikes, the charterer must prove that the strike actually prevented cargo work. The causal connection matters: the exception only applies if the excepted event directly stopped operations. 3West of England P&I Club. Defence Guide – Interruptions and Exceptions to Laytime A port worker strike on the other side of the harbor, affecting different berths, won’t save a charterer who simply loaded slowly.
Delays caused by the shipowner, such as a crane breakdown, a failure to deballast, or contaminated holds, stop the clock regardless of what the charter says. The charterer should not pay for time lost to the shipowner’s problems. Port congestion is murkier. Whether waiting for a berth pauses laytime depends on the contract type and whether the charter includes WIBON or congestion-specific clauses, and this is one of the most frequently arbitrated questions in maritime disputes.
Demurrage: Once On, Always On
When laytime expires and cargo work is unfinished, demurrage begins. The rate is pre-agreed in the charter and reflects what the vessel could be earning on its next fixture. Negotiation sets the figure; once fixed, it is simply owed.
The governing principle is blunt: once on demurrage, always on demurrage. After laytime expires, the demurrage clock runs continuously. Weekends, holidays, and weather that would have paused laytime no longer pause demurrage. 4Trans-Lex.org. Principle X.1 – Laytime, Demurrage, Detention and Despatch in Sea Transport The logic is that those delays were already priced into the laytime allowance. The charterer used up the allowance, so all risk shifts to them.
The rule is not quite absolute. Three exceptions are widely recognized: an express demurrage exception clause in the charter party, which must be specifically drafted because laytime exceptions don’t automatically carry over; delays caused by the shipowner’s own fault; and genuine force majeure events that make cargo operations impossible. Force majeure claims require strong proof. A mere allegation without documentation is insufficient.
Despatch Money for Early Completion
If cargo operations finish before laytime expires, the shipowner typically pays the charterer despatch money as a reward for efficient port operations. The despatch rate is usually half the demurrage rate, though parties can agree to any figure. 4Trans-Lex.org. Principle X.1 – Laytime, Demurrage, Detention and Despatch in Sea Transport The half-rate convention exists because the shipowner still benefits from an early departure; the vessel can reach its next fixture sooner, so the reward is split.
Reversible Laytime
Most charter parties allocate separate laytime for loading and discharging. Reversible laytime pools both allowances into a single total. 5FONASBA. Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013 If the charter allows six days for loading and four days for discharging on reversible terms, the charterer has ten days across both ports. Time saved at the loading end offsets time lost at the discharge end, and demurrage only begins once the combined total is exceeded.
The benefit to charterers is obvious: a fast loading operation effectively buys extra time for a slow discharge. Shipowners accept it when they can negotiate a tighter total or a higher demurrage rate. One important limitation applies. Reversibility only operates within a single charter party and cannot be averaged across separate contracts, even when the same parties are involved.
Protecting the Numbers: Statement of Facts and Time Bars
Every minute of the vessel’s port stay gets documented in a Statement of Facts, a formal record prepared by the port agent or ship’s master and signed by both parties. It captures arrival times, berthing, the start and end of each cargo operation shift, weather stoppages, equipment failures, and any other event that could affect the laytime calculation. The Statement of Facts is the raw data from which demurrage or despatch is calculated, so accuracy matters. Disputing an entry after both sides have signed is an uphill fight.
The most common source of post-voyage arguments is a Statement of Facts that one party signed without reviewing carefully. A weather stoppage recorded at four hours instead of six, or a cargo resumption time that’s off by 30 minutes, can shift thousands of dollars between demurrage and despatch.
Many voyage charter parties also impose strict deadlines for submitting demurrage claims. Ninety days from completion of discharge is a common contractual time bar, though the period varies by charter form. Courts and arbitration tribunals enforce these clauses strictly. Missing the deadline usually means losing the claim entirely, regardless of its merits. The supporting documents, typically the signed Statement of Facts, the Notice of Readiness, and the laytime calculation, must generally accompany the claim within the same window. Experienced operators treat the time bar clock with the same urgency as the laytime clock itself.
Shipowners seeking leverage before a claim is paid can also rely on cargo liens where the charter grants one. The widely used Gencon 1994 form extends the shipowner’s lien to “freight, dead-freight, demurrage and damages for detention.” 6Gard. Demurrage – Lien and Cesser Clauses Under English law, this right must be expressly granted in the contract; a general lien for freight alone will not cover a demurrage claim unless the charter specifically says so. 7West of England P&I Club. Defence Guide – Liens on Cargo A wrongfully exercised lien exposes the shipowner to counterclaims for wrongful detention of goods, so the remedy carries its own risk.
A Word on Container Shipping
In container shipping, “demurrage” and “detention” mean something different from their charter party meanings. Container demurrage covers charges for full containers sitting inside the terminal beyond the free time allowed after discharge. Container detention applies once a container has been picked up from the terminal and not returned empty within the agreed window. 4Trans-Lex.org. Principle X.1 – Laytime, Demurrage, Detention and Despatch in Sea Transport The distinction is purely about location: inside the terminal is demurrage, outside is detention. The voyage charter rules in this article do not govern those container charges, and confusing the two sets of terms is a common source of miscommunication.