A legal scholar is someone who studies the law itself, researching how legal rules developed, whether they still make sense, and how they should change, rather than representing clients or arguing cases. Most legal scholars are law school faculty, though some work at think tanks, government research bodies, or organizations like the American Law Institute. Their work reaches the public through law review articles, casebooks, treatises, and the judicial opinions and statutes their research helps shape.
What Legal Scholars Actually Do
The clearest way to understand the role is by contrast. A practicing attorney looks at the law as it exists and asks how to use it for a client. A legal scholar looks at the same law and asks why it exists, whether its logic still holds, and what should replace it if it doesn’t. That field of inquiry has a name, jurisprudence, and it sits at the core of serious legal scholarship.
Scholars identify conflicts between legal doctrines, trace how a rule that made sense in 1850 produces absurd results today, and show that two areas of law contradict each other in ways practitioners in each field never noticed. A litigator needs the law stable enough to win a case. A scholar’s job is to poke at it and find the weak spots.
How Legal Scholars Publish Their Work
The primary output is the law review article. Law reviews are academic journals housed at nearly every accredited law school, and they carry a feature that surprises people outside the profession: the editors are law students, not faculty or outside experts. Students select articles, suggest revisions, and verify citations. The student-edited model is unique to law and has been a source of both pride and criticism for over a century.
Submissions follow a predictable rhythm. Most journals accept articles in two windows, a spring cycle running through February and March and a smaller fall cycle in August. Scholars submit the same article to dozens of journals at once, and when one journal makes an offer, the author can use it to “trade up” by notifying higher-ranked journals of an approaching deadline.
Beyond law reviews, scholars write casebooks and textbooks used in legal education. Some contribute to the Restatements of the Law, treatises published by the American Law Institute that distill and clarify broad areas of common law like contracts, torts, and property. The ALI appoints a Reporter for each project, almost always a law professor, who drafts the text through rounds of feedback from advisory groups. A final draft becomes the ALI’s official position only after approval by both its Council and its full membership at an annual meeting.1The American Law Institute. Frequently Asked Questions Courts regularly cite Restatements as persuasive authority, which makes these projects one of the most direct channels through which scholarship shapes real outcomes.2Cornell Law Institute. Restatement of the Law
How Influence Gets Measured
Citation counts are the blunt instrument the academy uses. HeinOnline, the dominant digital archive for legal periodicals, maintains a ranking system called ScholarRank that tracks how often an author’s work is cited across twenty-five legal subject areas.3HeinOnline. How the Most-Cited Authors by Subject Ranking Is Calculated A high ranking signals that other scholars and courts are engaging with the work. Hiring and tenure committees watch these numbers, though they weigh originality and analytical depth more heavily than raw citation volume.
Where Legal Scholars Work
Most hold faculty positions at university law schools, splitting time between research and teaching. A smaller number work at policy-focused think tanks concentrating on areas like constitutional law or economic regulation. Government research agencies also employ legal researchers; the Federal Judicial Center, established by Congress as the research and education arm of the federal courts, conducts empirical studies on court operations and caseload management that inform how the judiciary runs itself.4Federal Judicial Center. The FJC and What It Does
Nongovernmental organizations hire scholars to draft policy papers and legal analyses aimed at systemic reform. The American Law Institute occupies its own category: a membership organization of roughly 3,000 judges, lawyers, and professors who collaborate on the Restatements and other clarifying projects. Membership is by nomination only.5The American Law Institute. About Our Members
How Scholarship Shapes Courts and Legislation
The most visible influence happens when a judge cites a law review article in an opinion. Between the 2013 and 2024 Supreme Court terms, roughly 34 percent of all opinions cited at least one law review article, with an average of one article cited per opinion. The trend is growing. Justice Clarence Thomas went from citing law review articles in about 13 percent of his opinions during the 2001–2011 period to nearly 44 percent in the 2013–2024 period. These citations do real work, helping to define the scope of ambiguous statutes, trace the historical understanding of constitutional provisions, or justify a departure from outdated precedent.
Scholars also influence courts through amicus curiae briefs, where groups of professors file arguments in pending cases. Research on these filings has found that justices incorporate language from amicus briefs based primarily on the quality of the argument and the identity of the filer.6Cambridge Core. The Influence of Amicus Curiae Briefs on U.S. Supreme Court Opinion Content A brief signed by twenty constitutional law professors carries weight because the signers have spent careers studying the question.
The legislative branch draws on scholarship too. Congressional committees invite law professors to testify on proposed legislation, and scholarly reports on the constitutionality or practical effects of a bill can shape how it gets drafted.
How to Become a Legal Scholar
The path is long and competitive. A Juris Doctor from an accredited law school is the starting point. Many candidates also earn a Master of Laws, a one-year degree that allows deeper specialization in a field like taxation or international law. The Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D. or J.S.D.) sits at the top of the hierarchy, requiring an original dissertation that makes a substantial contribution to legal knowledge. Programs are small and selective. Stanford’s program describes admission as “highly selective” and requires at least a full academic year in residence plus completion of an oral exam and a defended dissertation.7Stanford University. LAW-JSD Program
A federal judicial clerkship, especially with an appellate judge or Supreme Court justice, remains a near-universal expectation for candidates targeting top law schools. Clerkships offer firsthand exposure to how judges reason through hard cases and weigh competing arguments.
Fellowships and Visiting Positions
The gap between finishing a J.D. (and possibly a clerkship) and landing a tenure-track job is now filled, for most people, by a fellowship or Visiting Assistant Professorship. These full-time positions last one to two years and give aspiring professors time to write, teach, and learn the rhythms of academic life. In the 2023–2024 hiring cycle, approximately 75 percent of entry-level law faculty hires had completed a fellowship or VAP before entering the market.8Association of American Law Schools. Law Fellowships and Visiting Assistant Professors The main goal is to finish with at least one or two publication-ready articles.
The AALS Hiring Market
The formal hiring market for law professors runs through the Association of American Law Schools. Candidates register with the Faculty Appointments Register, an online database that standardizes information about education, publications, teaching experience, and scholarly interests. Law schools pay an access fee to review the register and select candidates for screening interviews.9Association of American Law Schools. Faculty Appointments Register Schools then invite finalists for “job talks,” where the candidate presents a scholarly paper to the full faculty and takes questions. A strong performance can lead to an offer.
Tenure and Pay
Tenure-track law professors are typically reviewed for tenure in their fifth year. The standard requires demonstrated excellence in teaching, research, and service. On the research side, candidates generally need a substantial body of published scholarship, with emphasis on originality and depth of analysis rather than sheer volume. Promotion to full professor comes later and usually demands a national or international reputation for scholarly achievement, evidenced by additional publications, speaking invitations, and leadership roles in professional organizations. Starting salaries for tenure-track positions at accredited law schools generally range from roughly $120,000 to over $200,000, varying significantly by institution and region.
The Theory-Practice Divide
Legal scholarship draws persistent criticism for being too abstract to help anyone deciding a real case. Chief Justice John Roberts captured the sentiment in 2011 when he suggested that modern legal scholarship concerns topics like “the influence of Immanuel Kant on evidentiary approaches in eighteenth century Bulgaria,” implying that professors had drifted out of touch with the needs of courts and practitioners.10Yale Law Journal. Legal Scholarship for Judges Chief Judge Diane Wood of the Seventh Circuit has described a perceived rift between the academy and the judiciary, noting that federal judges generally view work that is “too academic” as unhelpful.
The criticism has some bite. Law school hiring committees sometimes disparage work that “merely” explains what the law is or speaks directly to practitioners, which creates a structural incentive to write for other professors rather than for judges. Judges, meanwhile, tend to value scholarship they can cite in an opinion or use for their own understanding of doctrine. Plenty of excellent work gets published that no court will ever read, while the doctrinal analysis judges want is sometimes treated as insufficiently ambitious within the academy. Rising citation rates in Supreme Court opinions suggest the gap may be narrowing.
Ethical Standards and Disclosure
Legal scholars operate under ethical expectations that have grown more explicit. The AALS Statement of Good Practices reminds faculty of basic professional standards: intellectual honesty, protecting students’ intellectual freedom, disclosing outside interests when those interests inform classroom positions, and maintaining confidentiality when students share sensitive information.
On the publication side, leading law reviews now require detailed conflict-of-interest disclosures. The Yale Law Journal’s policy is representative: authors must disclose all funding received in connection with a submitted article, institutional and corporate affiliations, membership in or employment by any organization with a stake in the article’s subject, and any involvement in related litigation or advocacy. Failure to disclose a material conflict after acceptance can result in the journal revoking its offer.11The Yale Law Journal. Conflict-of-Interest Policy Scholarship that looks neutral but is quietly funded by an interested party can distort legal doctrine if a court relies on it without knowing the backstory.